![]() Even five parts per billion is a cause for serious concern because lead has the potential to harm almost every organ in the human body. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has concluded that there is no “safe” level for lead exposure in drinking water and that the consequences of lead poisoning are lifelong and often debilitating. Without the benefit of modern medical technology, he was able to observe the adverse health effects of lead exposure. Thus, more than 2,000 years ago, Vitruvius realized that lead is highly toxic and, therefore, poisonous because it interferes with some of the body’s basic functions. ![]() Hence, water ought by no means to be conducted in lead pipes, if we want to have it wholesome. For when lead is smelted in casting, the fumes from it settle upon members, and day after day burn out and take away all the virtues of the blood from their limbs. This we can exemplify from plumbers, since in them the natural colour of the body is replaced by a deep pallor. Hence, if what is produced from it is harmful, no doubt the thing itself is not wholesome. Secondly, water from clay pipes is much more wholesome than that which is conducted through lead pipes, because lead is found to be harmful for the reason that white lead is derived from it, and this is said to be harmful to the human system. In the first place, in construction: if anything happens to them, anybody can repair the damage. He stated: Clay pipes for conducting water have the following advantages. In his influential treatise entitled, The Ten Books on Architecture, Vitruvius provided specific instructions on using clay pipes instead of lead pipes to provide houses with clean drinking water. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, a Roman architect and engineer, recognized this relationship as far back as the first century B.C. Recognition of the relationship between clean drinking water, lead pipes, and human health is not at all new. This drinking water debacle resulted in at least 12 deaths and at least 90 people sickened with Legionnaires’ disease after untreated water from the Flint River caused bacteria and lead to leach into homes with lead service lines, poisoning the water system of this predominantly African American city. Those officials face 42 felony and misdemeanor counts, which range from perjury to official misconduct in office to extortion to obstruction of justice to willful neglect of duty to involuntary manslaughter. Former Michigan Governor Rick Snyder and eight other state government officials are facing criminal charges for their alleged roles in the disastrous Flint, Michigan, drinking water crisis of roughly seven years ago.
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